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2 - Greenberg, Allan 'Lutyens' Cenotaph', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 1989, Vol. XLVIII, No. 1, p. 5 (Back to essay)
3 - Homberger, Eric 'The Story of the Cenotaph', Times Literary Supplement, 12 November 1976, pp. 1429-30 (Back to essay)
4 - War Cabinet Peace Celebrations Committee, Minutes of Meeting, 1 July 1919, 8 Public Records Office CAB 52/27. (Public Records Office hereafter PRO.) Interestingly the French catafalque was removed immediately after their march since it was deemed to be too 'Germanic'.(Back to essay)
5 - Homberger, p. 1430 (Back to essay)
6 - It had officially been unveiled the previous day and wreaths had rapidly surrounded it - these were removed overnight ready for the official unveiling, Manchester Guardian, 21 July 1919 cited in King, Alex Memorials of the Great War in Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance (Berg: Oxford & New York, 1998), p. 142. (Back to essay)
7 - Greenberg, p. 9 (Back to essay)
8 - Manchester Guardian, 21 July 1919, cited in King, p. 142 (Back to essay)
9 - Morning Post, 21 July 1919, cited in ibid., p. 143 (Back to essay)
10 - The Times, 26 July 1919, cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
11 - The Times, 21 July 1919, p. 15 cited in Greenberg, p. 9 (Back to essay)
12 - The Times, 21 July 1919; Evening News, 21 July 1919; Parliamentary Debates 5th series, Vol. 118, p. 1366, 23 July 1919 cited in King, p. 143 (Back to essay)
13 - PRO, WORK 20/139, undated memorandum cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
14 - 26 July 1919 cited in Greenberg, p. 9 (Back to essay)
15 - Cenotaph, Office of Works File No. 1126, 2, PRO WORK 20/139 cited in ibid., p. 11 (Back to essay)
16 - The Times, 31 July 1919, p. 12, cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
17 - PRO, CAB 24.109, memorandum 5 July 1920, cited in King, p. 144 (Back to essay)
18 - The idea of the stone flags being a more open symbol is Homberger's. Open symbols are discussed in Gombrich, Ernest Symbolic Images, Studies in the Art of the Renaissance (London, 1972) cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
19 - Lutyens to Sir Alfred Mond, 29 July 1919, PRO WORK 20/39 cited in Greenberg, p.12. (Back to essay)
20 - Dyer, Geoff The Missing of the Somme (Penguin: London, 1995), p. 65 (Back to essay)
21 - King, Alex 'The Iconography of War Memorials', The Independent, February 18, 1999 (Back to essay)
22 - Young, James The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning, (Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 1993), p. 9 (Back to essay)
24 - Dyer, p. 65 (Back to essay)
25 - Winter, Jay Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Canto: Cambridge, 1993), pp. 102-3 (Back to essay)
26 - ibid., p. 103. Lutyens was a pantheist who moved in Theosophist circles as a result of both his wife Emily's commitment to the movement and their friendship with prominent spiritualists such as Arthur Balfour, Oliver Lodge and Annie Besant. Lutyens' Theosophy was of the ecumenical rather than the occult variety, ibid. (Back to essay)
28 - Greenberg, p. 11 (Back to essay)
29 - Borg, Alan War Memorials from Antiquity to the Present (Leo Cooper: London, 1991), p. 67 (Back to essay)
33 - Winter, p. 104 (Back to essay)
34 - Duncan, James S. and Duncan, Nancy G. 'Ideology and Bliss: Roland Barthes and the secret histories of landscape' in Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape (eds.) Barnes, Trevor J. and Duncan, James S. (Routledge: London and New York, 1992), p. 19 (Back to essay)
36 - Winter, p. 104 (Back to essay)
37 - Lutyens in Imperial War Graves Commission, 6th Report, 1926 cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
38 - Winter, p. 104 (Back to essay)
39 - ibid. In the three days that followed the unveiling of the permanent Cenotaph, 400,000 people visited it. Cited in Greenberg, p. 11 (Back to essay)
41 - Lloyd, David Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage and Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939 (Berg: Oxford and New York, 1998), p. 90 (Back to essay)
42 - The Times, 21 June 1923 cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
43 - ibid., p. 91; Winter, pp. 103-4 (Back to essay)
44 - Lloyd, p. 91 (Back to essay)
45 - King, p. 147 (Back to essay)
46 - PRO, CAB 24.84, GT7784, 23 July 1919 cited in King, p. 144 (Back to essay)
47 - Strathclyde, G4.1, Glasgow War Memorial, Minutes, 8 June 1921 cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
48 - Morning Post, 21 July 1919; Royal Artillery, Minutes, 30 July 1920 cited in ibid., p. 145 (Back to essay)
49 - The critical desire for simplicity is expressed in 'Suggestions for the Treatment of War Memorials' in the 1918 Annual Report of the Royal Academy of Art, p. 67 cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
50 - The Times, 10 November 1920 quoting Haig's message to schoolchildren in Teacher's World, cited in ibid., p. 146 (Back to essay)
51 - The Times, 11 November 1920; Gregory, Adrian The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day 1919-1946 (Berg Publishers, 1994), p. 199. The writer to the Catholic Herald was, of course, perfectly right about the Cenotaph being a pagan monument. (Back to essay)
52 - Gregory, p. 59 (Back to essay)
53 - Hannington, Wal Unemployed Struggles 1919-1936: My Life and Struggles Amongst the Unemployed (East Ardsley, 1973 facsimile 1936 edition), p. 77 cited in ibid. (Back to essay)
54 - See Daily Express, 12 November 1921, p. 5; Daily Mail, 12 November 1921, p. 8. Predictably, notes Gregory, the Morning Post was the only exception to the press sympathy, Morning Post, 12 November 1921, p. 8 cited in Gregory, p. 59 (Back to essay)
55 - Lloyd, p. 90 (Back to essay)
56 - Gregory, p. 125 (Back to essay)
57 - To my mind, the word 'glorious' in the inscription refers to the fact of the dead being glorified through their death in war, rather than the war itself - the former belief being prevalent both during and after the war. (Back to essay)
58 - King, p. 147 (Back to essay)
59 - The Mirror, 2 May 2000, p. 2 (Back to essay)
60 - Mew, Charlotte 'The Cenotaph' in Reilly, Catherine Scars Upon My Heart (Virago: London, 1998), p. 71 (Back to essay)
61 Sassoon, Siegfried 'At the Cenotaph' in Sassoon, Siegfried Collected Poems (Faber and Faber: London, 1947), p. 201 (Back to essay)
62 - Roberts, Ursula 'The Cenotaph' in Reilly, pp. 93-4 (Back to essay)
(This essay has been written by Michèle Fry, 2001 and it is copyright.)
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